Architect William McDonough, working with chemist Michael Braungart, wrote the definitive book "Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way we Make Things" in 2002. They suggested that design and science should be working together to offer society safe materials, sources of water and energy, and collaborating to completely eliminate waste.
Their design framework for a circular economy involves three basic principles:
Everything is a resource for something else. "In nature, the 'waste' of one system becomes food for another". Human systems and objects should be "designed to be disassembled and safely returned to the soil as biological nutrients, or re-utilized as high quality materials for new products as technical nutrients without contamination."
Use clean and renewable energy. Living organisms use the natural energy of the sun--similarly, human constructs should be capitalizing on clean sources of energy, for the good of society and the earth.
Celebrate diversity. Design should embrace local diversity, resources and indigenous, adaptable solutions.
McDonough and Braungart argue in "Cradle to Cradle" that design should be a "positive, regenerative force—one that creates footprints to delight in, not lament", which can "reveal opportunities to improve quality, increase value and spur innovation."
Their follow up book, "The Upcycle: Beyond Sustainability, Designing for Abundance", was published in 2013.